WikiSaga - User contributions [en]

O'Donoghue, Heather. Women in Njáls saga

2015-11-16T15:56:58Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': O' Donoghue, Heather
* '''Title''': "Women in ''Njàls Saga''”
* '''Published in''': ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga''
* '''Editors''': Hines, John; Slay, Desmond
* '''Place, Publisher''': Oxford University, The Viking Society for Northern Research in London
* '''Year''': 1992
* '''Pages''': 83-92
* '''E-text''': http://vsnrwebpublications.org.uk/Introductory%20essays%20on%20egils%20saga%20and%20njals%2
0saga.pdf
* '''Reference''': O' Donoghue, Heather, "Women in ''Njàls Saga''", ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga'', in: Hines, John, Slay, Desmond (Eds.) ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga'', Oxford University, The Viking Society for Northern Research in London, 1992; pp.83-92
----
* '''Key words''': gender roles, distinctions, gender representations

==Annotation==

The author assumes that the female characters in Njals Saga challenge our preconceived notions of
gender distinctions. O' Donoghue analyzes the social relations between feminine and masculine, by
looking closely at the exercise of the power in society. Five powerful women of the saga are here discussed:
Unnr, Queen Gunnhildr, Hallgerðr, Bergþora and Hildigunnr, and also how
men are frequently mocked as effeminate, serving to redraw gender distinctions.
O’Donoghue presents the sagas as a struggle between two genders and two social images.
On one side the men can the law, whereas women goad to revenge. In this
saga the difference between the sexes is built up in a way that goes against customary
prejudices upon the two genders. Women indeed embodies a
violent and old heroic ways of regulating society. On the contrary men side with the New,
with a society in which the law and agreements prevail. This division mirrors the
transitional time for the Icelandic society when people hesitate between the frenzied
Paganism – embodied for example by Steinunn who proclaims Þórr to be stronger than
Jesus – and the Christianity which appears as a synonymous of peace and civilization –
embodied by the Christian missionary Þangbrandr.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Sophia Rifad
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Clover, Carol J. Hildigunnr’s lament

2015-11-10T22:12:22Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': Clover, Carol J.
* '''Title''': Hildigunnr's Lament
* '''Published in''': ''Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology''
* '''Place, Publisher''': New York, Routledge
* '''Editors''': Anderson, Sarah M., Swenson, Karen
* '''Year''': 2002
* '''Pages''': 15-54
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Clover, Carol J., ''Hildigunnr's Lament'', in:'' Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology. A Collection of Essay'', Edited by Sarah M. Anderson and Karen Swenson. Routledge. New York and London. 2002
----
* '''Key words''': hvöt, female lament, goad, revenge, gender studies

==Annotation==

Clover analyses the pivotal hvöt scene of chapter 116 of Njál saga, in which Hildigunnr incites
Flosi to avenge her dead husband Hoskuldr and which results in the burning of Njáll and
his family. Hildigunnr´s incitement is compared to other Icelandic and Germanic literary
figures, most notably Guðrún Gjúkadóttir in the poems Hamðismál and Þórbjörg of Harðar
saga ok Hólmverja. In doing so Clover attempts to trace the role of women in mourning
and vendetta cultures. Specific attention is paid to the role of ‘tokens’ as representations
of the deceased, such as bloodied clothing, or weapons, and the methods by which grieving
widows employ these tokens in ritualised settings. In addition, Clover examines the
intersection between the performance of specific gestures related to mourning, such as
weeping and the loosening of hair, and the language of the ''hvöt'' itself – that is as a
performance, of language both poetic and legalistic, as in Hildigunnr’s case.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_116 Chapter 116], p.291:''' "„Hvert eftirmæli skal eg af þér hafa,“ segir hún, „eða liðveislu?“''' Her speech is somewhat unusual in its formal, almost legal quality and also in its religious
reference, but in other respects – the charge of niðingr, the insistence on reciprocal
obligation.

==Links==

* ''Written by: Liz Skuthorpe''
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Clover, Carol J. Hildigunnr’s lament

2015-11-10T22:07:26Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': Clover, Carol J.
* '''Title''': Hildigunnr's Lament
* '''Published in''': ''Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology''
* '''Place, Publisher''': New York, Routledge
* '''Editors''': Anderson, Sarah M., Swenson, Karen
* '''Year''': 2002
* '''Pages''': 15-54
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Clover, Carol J., ''Hildigunnr's Lament'', in:
----
* '''Key words''': hvöt, female lament, goad, revenge, gender studies

==Annotation==

Clover analyses the pivotal hvöt scene of chapter 116 of Njál saga, in which Hildigunnr incites
Flosi to avenge her dead husband Hoskuldr and which results in the burning of Njáll and
his family. Hildigunnr´s incitement is compared to other Icelandic and Germanic literary
figures, most notably Guðrún Gjúkadóttir in the poems Hamðismál and Þórbjörg of Harðar
saga ok Hólmverja. In doing so Clover attempts to trace the role of women in mourning
and vendetta cultures. Specific attention is paid to the role of ‘tokens’ as representations
of the deceased, such as bloodied clothing, or weapons, and the methods by which grieving
widows employ these tokens in ritualised settings. In addition, Clover examines the
intersection between the performance of specific gestures related to mourning, such as
weeping and the loosening of hair, and the language of the ''hvöt'' itself – that is as a
performance, of language both poetic and legalistic, as in Hildigunnr’s case.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_116 Chapter 116], p.291:''' "„Hvert eftirmæli skal eg af þér hafa,“ segir hún, „eða liðveislu?“''' Her speech is somewhat unusual in its formal, almost legal quality and also in its religious
reference, but in other respects – the charge of niðingr, the insistence on reciprocal
obligation.

==Links==

* ''Written by: Liz Skuthorpe''
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Ármann Jakobsson. Masculinity and politics in Njáls saga

2015-11-10T21:44:13Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': Jakobsson, Ármann
* '''Title''': Masculinity and Politics in ''Njáls Saga''
* '''Published in''': Viator 28
* '''Place, Publisher''': Brepols
* '''Year''': 2007
* '''Pages''': 191–215
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Jakobsson, Ármann: “Masculinity and Politics in Njáls Saga.” Viator 28
(2007): 191–215
----
* '''Key words''': gender, sexuality, male stereotypes, unmanliness

==Annotation==

Ármann Jakobsson examines the complex relationships between gender, sexuality and
social politics in Njáls saga in regard to conceptions of (un)manliness. The frequent
questioning of masculinity, especially the masculinity of Njáll, as well as the
reinforcement of sexual Otherness on the part of many of the saga’s characters belies a
far less rigid, if not contradictory and fragile, system of gender expression, in which the
saga casts a critical gaze on the society of its own construction. Jakobsson analyzes Njáls
saga’s usage of seemingly paradigmatic expressions of masculinity (possession of facial
hair, gendered clothing, displays of emotion and homoerotic or homosocial love) to
show how the saga, rather than reinforcing the importance of these paradigms of
masculinity actually problematizes them. These social indicators of masculinity, in
addition to the gendered constraints of heroism, in turn are “exaggerated to the point of
meaninglessness by those who use the ideal as a weapon against their opponents” (p.
201). Jakobsson concludes that Njáls saga conflates queerness and ideal masculinity as a
means of placing ironic scrutiny on the saga society’s treatment of (un)masculine
expression and behavior, serving as a further testament to the saga’s complexity and
enduring popularity as a self-conscious and well-wrought literary achievement.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Nicholas Hoffmann
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

O'Donoghue, Heather. Women in Njáls saga

2015-11-10T21:34:58Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': O' Donoghue, Heather
* '''Title''': "Women in ''Njàls Saga''”
* '''Published in''': ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga''
* '''Editors''': Hines, John; Slay, Desmond
* '''Place, Publisher''': Oxford University, The Viking Society for Northern Research in London
* '''Year''': 1992
* '''Pages''': 83-92
* '''E-text''': http://vsnrwebpublications.org.uk/Introductory%20essays%20on%20egils%20saga%20and%20njals%2
0saga.pdf
* '''Reference''': O' Donoghue, Heather, "Women in ''Njàls Saga''", ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga'', in: Hines, John, Slay, Desmond (Eds.) ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga'', Oxford University, The Viking Society for Northern Research in London, 1992; pp.83-92
----
* '''Key words''': gender roles, distinctions, gender representations

==Annotation==

The author assumes that the female characters in Njals Saga challenge our preconceived notions of
gender distinctions. O' Donoghue the social relations between feminine and masculine, by
looking closely at the exercise of the power in society. Five powerful women of the saga are here discussed:
Unnr, Queen Gunnhildr, Hallgerðr, Bergþora and Hildigunnr, and also how
men are frequently mocked as effeminate, serving to redraw gender distinctions.
O’Donoghue presents the sagas as a struggle between two genders and two social images.
On one side the men can the law, whereas women goad to revenge. In this
saga the difference between the sexes is built up in a way that goes against customary
prejudices upon the two genders. Women indeed embodies a
violent and old heroic ways of regulating society. On the contrary men side with the New,
with a society in which the law and agreements prevail. This division mirrors the
transitional time for the Icelandic society when people hesitate between the frenzied
Paganism – embodied for example by Steinunn who proclaims Þórr to be stronger than
Jesus – and the Christianity which appears as a synonymous of peace and civilization –
embodied by the Christian missionary Þangbrandr.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Sophia Rifad
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

O'Donoghue, Heather. Women in Njáls saga

2015-11-10T21:21:23Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': O' Donoghue, Heather
* '''Title''': "Women in ''Njàls Saga''”
* '''Published in''': ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga''
* '''Editors''': Hines, John; Slay, Desmond
* '''Place, Publisher''': Oxford University, The Viking Society for Northern Research in London
* '''Year''': 1992
* '''Pages''': 83-92
* '''E-text''': http://vsnrwebpublications.org.uk/Introductory%20essays%20on%20egils%20saga%20and%20njals%2
0saga.pdf
* '''Reference''': O' Donoghue, Heather, "Women in ''Njàls Saga''", ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga'', in: Hines, John, Slay, Desmond (Eds.) ''Introductory Essays on Egils Saga and Njàls Saga'', Oxford University, The Viking Society for Northern Research in London, 1992; pp.83-92
----
* '''Key words''':

==Annotation==

The author assumes that the female characters in Njals Saga challenge our preconceived notions of
gender distinctions. O' Donoghue the social relations between feminine and masculine, by
looking closely at the exercise of the power in society. Five powerful women of the saga are here discussed:
Unnr, Queen Gunnhildr, Hallgerðr, Bergþora and Hildigunnr, and also how
men are frequently mocked as effeminate, serving to redraw gender distinctions.
O’Donoghue presents the sagas as a struggle between two genders and two social images.
On one side the men can the law, whereas women goad to revenge. In this
saga the difference between the sexes is built up in a way that goes against customary
prejudices upon the two genders. Women side indeed embodies a
violent and old heroic ways of regulating society. On the contrary men side with the New,
with a society in which the law and agreements prevail. This division mirrors the
transitional time for the Icelandic society when people hesitate between the frenzied
Paganism – embodied for example by Steinunn who proclaims Þórr to be stronger than
Jesus – and the Christianity which appears as a synonymous of peace and civilization –
embodied by the Christian missionary Þangbrandr.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Sophia Rifad
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Miller, William Ian. The central feud in Njáls saga

2015-11-10T20:48:58Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': Miller, William Ian
* '''Title''': The Central Feud in Njáls Saga
* '''Published in''': Sagas of the Icelanders
* '''Editors''': John Tucker
* '''Place, Publisher''': New York and London: Garland Publishing INC.
* '''Year''': 1989
* '''Pages''': 292-322
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Miller, William Ian. „The Central Feud in Njáls Saga.” ''Sagas of the Icelanders''. Eds. John Tucker, New York and London: Garland Publishing INC, 1989, pp. 292-322
----
* '''Key words''': feud, balance-sheet model, vinátta, liability, power

==Annotation==

The article, which is an analytic reading of Njáls saga, explores the aspects of the feud
between the Sígfussons and the people at Bergþórsváll. Miller suggests that the saga
author set up a balance-sheet model of the bloodfeud, which is the main construct in the
regard of power and politics competition. The first part of the article deals with this
model, and focuses on the feud between Njáll’s and Gunnarr’s household, Þráinn’s
liability, Hǫskuldr Njálsson’s death, as well as the role of Skarpheðinn and Njáll’s role as
a peacemaker regarding with the fostering of Hǫskuldr Hvítanessgoði. The second part
of the article focuses on the power in the district after Gunnarr’s death. In connection
Miller brings his thoughts further with the killing of Hǫskuldr Njálsson by Lýtingr and
Mǫrðr’s alliance with the Njálssynir.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_041 Chapter 41], p.
296, ÍF p. 107: „'''Mágr þœtti mér þú vera,” segir hon, „ef þú dræpir Þórð leysingjason.'''” :
„Þráinn is obligated to Hallgerðr in her own right silence her daughter by a prior
marriage is Þráinn’s wife. She invokes this bond when she asks Þráinn to kill Þórðr.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_043 Chapter 43], p. 295, ÍF p. 111: „'''Mikils þótti þeim við þurfa,” segir Skarphéðinn; „en hvar skal þá komit, er
vér skulum handa hefja?”''' : „The killing of Þórðr leysingjason (Freedmanson),
fosterfather to the Njálssons, however, is a critical event in the escalation of the feud; his
death draws men of the warrior class into the fray. When Skarpheðinn hears of Þórðr’s
death he is no longer amused: „but what has to happen before we strike?” His
recruitment to the feud will soon follow.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_094 Chapter 94], p. 302, ÍF p. 236-237: „'''Veit ek, at Skarpheðinn vá hann, ok þurfu vit ekki á þat at minnask, er
sætzk hefir á verit ok fullar bœtr hafa fyrir komit”''': „The son would be expected to
avenge his father and the sagas are full of such examples. This is why Njáll questions
Hǫskuldr closely before adopting him. Hǫskuldr gives Njáll the answer he is looking
for.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_145 Chapter 145], p. 311, ÍF
p. 413: '''víg Skarpheðins skyldi jafnt ok víg Hǫskulds Hvítanessgoða''': „Community
ambivalence is given concrete expression a year after Hǫskuldr’s death when the lives of
Skarpheðinn and Hǫskuldr are valued equally and set off against each other.”

==Links==

* ''Written by:''Viktória Gyönki
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Miller, William Ian. The central feud in Njáls saga

2015-11-10T20:46:32Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': Miller, William Ian
* '''Title''': The Central Feud in Njáls Saga
* '''Published in''': Sagas of the Icelanders
* '''Editors''': John Tucker
* '''Place, Publisher''': New York and London: Garland Publishing INC.
* '''Year''': 1989
* '''Pages''': 292-322
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Miller, William Ian. „The Central Feud in Njáls Saga.” ''Sagas of the
Icelanders''. Eds. John Tucker, New York and London: Garland Publishing INC, 1989, pp. 292-322
----
* '''Key words''': feud, balance-sheet model, vinátta, liability, power

==Annotation==

The article, which is an analytic reading of Njáls saga, explores the aspects of the feud
between the Sígfussons and the people at Bergþórsváll. Miller suggests that the saga
author set up a balance-sheet model of the bloodfeud, which is the main construct in the
regard of power and politics competition. The first part of the article deals with this
model, and focuses on the feud between Njáll’s and Gunnarr’s household, Þráinn’s
liability, Hǫskuldr Njálsson’s death, as well as the role of Skarpheðinn and Njáll’s role as
a peacemaker regarding with the fostering of Hǫskuldr Hvítanessgoði. The second part
of the article focuses on the power in the district after Gunnarr’s death. In connection
Miller brings his thoughts further with the killing of Hǫskuldr Njálsson by Lýtingr and
Mǫrðr’s alliance with the Njálssynir.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_041 Chapter 41], p.
296, ÍF p. 107: „'''Mágr þœtti mér þú vera,” segir hon, „ef þú dræpir Þórð leysingjason.'''” :
„Þráinn is obligated to Hallgerðr in her own right silence her daughter by a prior
marriage is Þráinn’s wife. She invokes this bond when she asks Þráinn to kill Þórðr.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_043 Chapter 43], p. 295, ÍF p. 111: „'''Mikils þótti þeim við þurfa,” segir Skarphéðinn; „en hvar skal þá komit, er
vér skulum handa hefja?”''' : „The killing of Þórðr leysingjason (Freedmanson),
fosterfather to the Njálssons, however, is a critical event in the escalation of the feud; his
death draws men of the warrior class into the fray. When Skarpheðinn hears of Þórðr’s
death he is no longer amused: „but what has to happen before we strike?” His
recruitment to the feud will soon follow.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_094 Chapter 94], p. 302, ÍF p. 236-237: „'''Veit ek, at Skarpheðinn vá hann, ok þurfu vit ekki á þat at minnask, er
sætzk hefir á verit ok fullar bœtr hafa fyrir komit”''': „The son would be expected to
avenge his father and the sagas are full of such examples. This is why Njáll questions
Hǫskuldr closely before adopting him. Hǫskuldr gives Njáll the answer he is looking
for.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_145 Chapter 145], p. 311, ÍF
p. 413: '''víg Skarpheðins skyldi jafnt ok víg Hǫskulds Hvítanessgoða''': „Community
ambivalence is given concrete expression a year after Hǫskuldr’s death when the lives of
Skarpheðinn and Hǫskuldr are valued equally and set off against each other.”

==Links==

* ''Written by:''Viktória Gyönki
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Miller, William Ian. The central feud in Njáls saga

2015-11-10T20:39:03Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': Miller, William Ian
* '''Title''': The Central Feud in Njáls Saga
* '''Published in''': Sagas of the Icelanders
* '''Editors''': John Tucker
* '''Place, Publisher''': New York and London: Garland Publishing INC.
* '''Year''': 1989
* '''Pages''': 292-322
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Miller, William Ian. „The Central Feud in Njáls Saga.” ''Sagas of the
Icelanders''. Eds. John Tucker, New York and London: Garland Publishing INC, 1989, pp. 292-322
----
* '''Key words''': feud, balance-sheet model, vinátta, liability, power

==Annotation==

The article, which is an analytic reading of Njáls saga, explores the aspects of the feud
between the Sígfussons and the people at Bergþórsváll. Miller suggests that the saga
author set up a balance-sheet model of the bloodfeud, which is the main construct in the
regard of power and politics competition. The first part of the article deals with this
model, and focuses on the feud between Njáll’s and Gunnarr’s household, Þráinn’s
liability, Hǫskuldr Njálsson’s death, as well as the role of Skarpheðinn and Njáll’s role as
a peacemaker regarding with the fostering of Hǫskuldr Hvítanessgoði. The second part
of the article focuses on the power in the district after Gunnarr’s death. In connection
Miller brings his thoughts further with the killing of Hǫskuldr Njálsson by Lýtingr and
Mǫrðr’s alliance with the Njálssynir.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_041 Chapter 41], p.
296, ÍF p. 107: „'''Mágr þœtti mér þú vera,” segir hon, „ef þú dræpir Þórð leysingjason.'''” :
„Þráinn is obligated to Hallgerðr in her own right silence her daughter by a prior
marriage is Þráinn’s wife. She invokes this bond when she asks Þráinn to kill Þórðr.”

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_043 Chapter 43], p. 295, ÍF p. 111: „M'''ikils þótti þeim við þurfa,” segir Skarphéðinn; „en hvar skal þá komit, er
vér skulum handa hefja?”''' : „The killing of Þórðr leysingjason (Freedmanson),
fosterfather to the Njálssons, however, is a critical event in the escalation of the feud; his
death draws men of the warrior class into the fray. When Skarpheðinn hears of Þórðr’s
death he is no longer amused: „but what has to happen before we strike?” His
recruitment to the feud will soon follow.”

Chapter 94: „Veit ek, at Skarpheðinn vá hann, ok þurfu vit ekki á þat at minnask, er
sætzk hefir á verit ok fullar bœtr hafa fyrir komit”: „The son would be expected to
avenge his father and the sagas are full of such examples. This is why Njáll questions
Hǫskuldr closely before adopting him. Hǫskuldr gives Njáll the answer he is looking
for.” (p. 302, ÍF p. 236-237)

Chapter 145: víg Skarpheðins skyldi jafnt ok víg Hǫskulds Hvítanessgoða: „Community
ambivalence is given concrete expression a year after Hǫskuldr’s death when the lives of
Skarpheðinn and Hǫskuldr are valued equally and set off against each other.” (p. 311, ÍF
p. 413)

==Links==

* ''Written by:''Viktória Gyönki
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Howson, George. The death of Gunnar

2015-11-10T20:04:43Z

Eleonora Pancetti: /* References */

* '''Author''': George Howson
* '''Title''': The Death of Gunnar. A tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell.
* '''Published in''': Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne, 14th May 1994
* '''Place, Publisher''': University of Melbourne, Katrina Burge (ed.), John Stanley Martin
(general ed.)
* '''Year''': 1995
* '''Pages''': 115-126
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Howson, George. “The Death of Gunnar: A Tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell” In: ''Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne, The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the University of Melbourne'', ''14th May 1994,'' p. 115-126, Melbourne: Dept. Of Germanic and Russian Studies, University of Melbourne, 1995.
----
* '''Key words''': semantics, Hlíðarendi, Gunnar's return, outlawry, word-order analysis, metaphor

==Annotation==

This article is a complementary approach to Ian Maxwell's “Patterns in ''Njáls saga''” (''SagaBook
of the Viking Society'', London, 1957-1961) with a narrow focus on a small section of
the saga, namely the 6 lines enclosing Gunnar's decision to return to his homestead at
Hlíðarendi in spite of his sentence of outlawry (ch.75: 182, lines 116-122). The author
states that this famous section had been misunderstood, and argues, through a close
analysis of semantics and word-order, that the scene of Gunnar's getting on his horse is a
metaphor of his inner battle and frustration, a no-win he had been backed into repeatedly
in the same way as Njál and Skarpheðinn had been. However, this tragic position is
precisely what allows these characters to enter ''into the saga'', and not being out of it as others
non-memorable characters.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

Maxwell, Ian Ramsay, “Patterns in Njáls saga”, ''Saga-Book of the Viking Society'',
London: 1957-1961.

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_054 Chapter 54] '''“Gunnar [...] stakk niðr atgeirinum ok varp sér í söðulinn [...]”''' “...the clang of
battle in this scene echoes with the deeper, although more distant reverberation of an
almost identical image from an earlier scene in the saga [...] The similarity is unmistakable”
p.199

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_054 Chapter 54] “We are asked to remember what Gunnar was thinking about at the end of that
fateful ride, the ride that encompassed what Njál called “the beginning of [Gunnar's]
manslayings,” and in particular, the still unanswered question that Gunnar ut to Kolskegg:
“I would like to know [...] whether I am more cowardly than others because I think more
of killing men than they do”. p.122-123

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_075 Chapter 75]: '''“Hann stingr niðr... ok fara hvergi”''': “Inlaid this renowned episode lies an insight
into the pattern of the inner life of Gunnar's character, and of the dilemma he faces in the
saga” p. 117-118

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Marion Poilvez
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Howson, George. The death of Gunnar

2015-11-10T20:03:06Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': George Howson
* '''Title''': The Death of Gunnar. A tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell.
* '''Published in''': Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne, 14th May 1994
* '''Place, Publisher''': University of Melbourne, Katrina Burge (ed.), John Stanley Martin
(general ed.)
* '''Year''': 1995
* '''Pages''': 115-126
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Howson, George. “The Death of Gunnar: A Tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell” In: ''Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne, The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the University of Melbourne'', ''14th May 1994,'' p. 115-126, Melbourne: Dept. Of Germanic and Russian Studies, University of Melbourne, 1995.
----
* '''Key words''': semantics, Hlíðarendi, Gunnar's return, outlawry, word-order analysis, metaphor

==Annotation==

This article is a complementary approach to Ian Maxwell's “Patterns in ''Njáls saga''” (''SagaBook
of the Viking Society'', London, 1957-1961) with a narrow focus on a small section of
the saga, namely the 6 lines enclosing Gunnar's decision to return to his homestead at
Hlíðarendi in spite of his sentence of outlawry (ch.75: 182, lines 116-122). The author
states that this famous section had been misunderstood, and argues, through a close
analysis of semantics and word-order, that the scene of Gunnar's getting on his horse is a
metaphor of his inner battle and frustration, a no-win he had been backed into repeatedly
in the same way as Njál and Skarpheðinn had been. However, this tragic position is
precisely what allows these characters to enter ''into the saga'', and not being out of it as others
non-memorable characters.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

Maxwell, Ian Ramsay, “Patterns in Njáls saga”, ''Saga-Book of the Viking Society'',
London: 1957-1961.

==References==

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_054 Chapter 54] '''“Gunnar [...] stakk niðr atgeirinum ok varp sér í söðulinn [...]”''' “...the clang of
battle in this scene echoes with the deeper, although more distant reverberation of an
almost identical image from an earlier scene in the saga [...] The similarity is unmistakable”
p.199

Chapter 54 “We are asked to remember what Gunnar was thinking about at the end of that
fateful ride, the ride that encompassed what Njál called “the beginning of [Gunnar's]
manslayings,” and in particular, the still unanswered question that Gunnar ut to Kolskegg:
“I would like to know [...] whether I am more cowardly than others because I think more
of killing men than they do”. p.122-123

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_075 Chapter 75]: '''“Hann stingr niðr... ok fara hvergi”''': “Inlaid this renowned episode lies an insight
into the pattern of the inner life of Gunnar's character, and of the dilemma he faces in the
saga” p. 117-118

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Marion Poilvez
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Howson, George. The death of Gunnar

2015-11-10T19:58:51Z

Eleonora Pancetti: /* Links */

* '''Author''': George Howson
* '''Title''': The Death of Gunnar. A tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell.
* '''Published in''': Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne, 14th May 1994
* '''Place, Publisher''': University of Melbourne, Katrina Burge (ed.), John Stanley Martin
(general ed.)
* '''Year''': 1995
* '''Pages''': 115-126
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Howson, George. “The Death of Gunnar: A Tribute to Ian Ramsay
Maxwell” In: ''Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne'', ''14th May 1994,'' p. 115-126, Melbourne: Dept. Of Germanic and
Russian Studies, University of Melbourne, 1995.
----
* '''Key words''': semantics, Hlíðarendi, Gunnar's return, outlawry, word-order analysis, metaphor

==Annotation==

This article is a complementary approach to Ian Maxwell's “Patterns in ''Njáls saga''” (''SagaBook
of the Viking Society'', London, 1957-1961) with a narrow focus on a small section of
the saga, namely the 6 lines enclosing Gunnar's decision to return to his homestead at
Hlíðarendi in spite of his sentence of outlawry (ch.75: 182, lines 116-122). The author
states that this famous section had been misunderstood, and argues, through a close
analysis of semantics and word-order, that the scene of Gunnar's getting on his horse is a
metaphor of his inner battle and frustration, a no-win he had been backed into repeatedly
in the same way as Njál and Skarpheðinn had been. However, this tragic position is
precisely what allows these characters to enter ''into the saga'', and not being out of it as others
non-memorable characters.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

Maxwell, Ian Ramsay, “Patterns in Njáls saga”, ''Saga-Book of the Viking Society'',
London: 1957-1961.

==References==

Chapter 54 “Gunnar [...] stakk niðr atgeirinum ok varp sér í söðulinn [...]” “...the clang of
battle in this scene echoes with the deeper, although more distant reverberation of an
almost identical image from an earlier scene in the saga [...] The similarity is unmistakable”
p.199

Chapter 54 “We are asked to remember what Gunnar was thinking about at the end of that
fateful ride, the ride that encompassed what Njál called “the beginning of [Gunnar's]
manslayings,” and in particular, the still unanswered question that Gunnar ut to Kolskegg:
“I would like to know [...] whether I am more cowardly than others because I think more
of killing men than they do”. p.122-123

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_075 Chapter 75]: '''“Hann stingr niðr... ok fara hvergi”''': “Inlaid this renowned episode lies an insight
into the pattern of the inner life of Gunnar's character, and of the dilemma he faces in the
saga” p. 117-118

==Links==

* ''Written by:'' Marion Poilvez
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Howson, George. The death of Gunnar

2015-11-10T19:57:33Z

Eleonora Pancetti: /* See also */

* '''Author''': George Howson
* '''Title''': The Death of Gunnar. A tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell.
* '''Published in''': Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne, 14th May 1994
* '''Place, Publisher''': University of Melbourne, Katrina Burge (ed.), John Stanley Martin
(general ed.)
* '''Year''': 1995
* '''Pages''': 115-126
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Howson, George. “The Death of Gunnar: A Tribute to Ian Ramsay
Maxwell” In: ''Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne'', ''14th May 1994,'' p. 115-126, Melbourne: Dept. Of Germanic and
Russian Studies, University of Melbourne, 1995.
----
* '''Key words''': semantics, Hlíðarendi, Gunnar's return, outlawry, word-order analysis, metaphor

==Annotation==

This article is a complementary approach to Ian Maxwell's “Patterns in ''Njáls saga''” (''SagaBook
of the Viking Society'', London, 1957-1961) with a narrow focus on a small section of
the saga, namely the 6 lines enclosing Gunnar's decision to return to his homestead at
Hlíðarendi in spite of his sentence of outlawry (ch.75: 182, lines 116-122). The author
states that this famous section had been misunderstood, and argues, through a close
analysis of semantics and word-order, that the scene of Gunnar's getting on his horse is a
metaphor of his inner battle and frustration, a no-win he had been backed into repeatedly
in the same way as Njál and Skarpheðinn had been. However, this tragic position is
precisely what allows these characters to enter ''into the saga'', and not being out of it as others
non-memorable characters.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

Maxwell, Ian Ramsay, “Patterns in Njáls saga”, ''Saga-Book of the Viking Society'',
London: 1957-1961.

==References==

Chapter 54 “Gunnar [...] stakk niðr atgeirinum ok varp sér í söðulinn [...]” “...the clang of
battle in this scene echoes with the deeper, although more distant reverberation of an
almost identical image from an earlier scene in the saga [...] The similarity is unmistakable”
p.199

Chapter 54 “We are asked to remember what Gunnar was thinking about at the end of that
fateful ride, the ride that encompassed what Njál called “the beginning of [Gunnar's]
manslayings,” and in particular, the still unanswered question that Gunnar ut to Kolskegg:
“I would like to know [...] whether I am more cowardly than others because I think more
of killing men than they do”. p.122-123

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_075 Chapter 75]: '''“Hann stingr niðr... ok fara hvergi”''': “Inlaid this renowned episode lies an insight
into the pattern of the inner life of Gunnar's character, and of the dilemma he faces in the
saga” p. 117-118

==Links==

* ''Written by:''
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]

Howson, George. The death of Gunnar

2015-11-10T19:55:43Z

Eleonora Pancetti:

* '''Author''': George Howson
* '''Title''': The Death of Gunnar. A tribute to Ian Ramsay Maxwell.
* '''Published in''': Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne, 14th May 1994
* '''Place, Publisher''': University of Melbourne, Katrina Burge (ed.), John Stanley Martin
(general ed.)
* '''Year''': 1995
* '''Pages''': 115-126
* '''E-text''':
* '''Reference''': Howson, George. “The Death of Gunnar: A Tribute to Ian Ramsay
Maxwell” In: ''Treasures of the Elder Tongue, fifty years of Old Norse in Melbourne,
The Proceedings of the Symposium to Celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Old Norse at the
University of Melbourne'', ''14th May 1994,'' p. 115-126, Melbourne: Dept. Of Germanic and
Russian Studies, University of Melbourne, 1995.
----
* '''Key words''': semantics, Hlíðarendi, Gunnar's return, outlawry, word-order analysis, metaphor

==Annotation==

This article is a complementary approach to Ian Maxwell's “Patterns in ''Njáls saga''” (''SagaBook
of the Viking Society'', London, 1957-1961) with a narrow focus on a small section of
the saga, namely the 6 lines enclosing Gunnar's decision to return to his homestead at
Hlíðarendi in spite of his sentence of outlawry (ch.75: 182, lines 116-122). The author
states that this famous section had been misunderstood, and argues, through a close
analysis of semantics and word-order, that the scene of Gunnar's getting on his horse is a
metaphor of his inner battle and frustration, a no-win he had been backed into repeatedly
in the same way as Njál and Skarpheðinn had been. However, this tragic position is
precisely what allows these characters to enter ''into the saga'', and not being out of it as others
non-memorable characters.

==Lýsing==

==See also==

Maxwell, Ian Ramsay, “Patterns in Njáls saga”, Saga-Book of the Viking Society,
London: 1957-1961.

==References==

Chapter 54 “Gunnar [...] stakk niðr atgeirinum ok varp sér í söðulinn [...]” “...the clang of
battle in this scene echoes with the deeper, although more distant reverberation of an
almost identical image from an earlier scene in the saga [...] The similarity is unmistakable”
p.199

Chapter 54 “We are asked to remember what Gunnar was thinking about at the end of that
fateful ride, the ride that encompassed what Njál called “the beginning of [Gunnar's]
manslayings,” and in particular, the still unanswered question that Gunnar ut to Kolskegg:
“I would like to know [...] whether I am more cowardly than others because I think more
of killing men than they do”. p.122-123

[https://wikisaga.hi.is/index.php?title=Nj%C3%A1la,_075 Chapter 75]: '''“Hann stingr niðr... ok fara hvergi”''': “Inlaid this renowned episode lies an insight
into the pattern of the inner life of Gunnar's character, and of the dilemma he faces in the
saga” p. 117-118

==Links==

* ''Written by:''
* ''Icelandic/English translation:''

[[Category:Njáls saga]][[Category:Njáls saga:_Articles]][[Category:Authors]][[Category:All entries]]